{"id":321,"date":"2025-01-15T16:35:48","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T16:35:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/landscape-practice.local\/?post_type=article&#038;p=321"},"modified":"2025-03-01T08:07:54","modified_gmt":"2025-03-01T08:07:54","slug":"anthropocene","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/fr\/research\/anthropocene\/","title":{"rendered":"Anthropocene"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section id=\"article-section-block_67c2c0590b863\" class=\"as\">\n\n  <div class=\"as__inner pb-60 pb-dt-120 reveal\">\n\n    <h2 class=\"as__heading fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6 \n          pb-60\n        \"\n    >\n              <p>Garden\u2019s wisdom <\/p>\n          <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"as__text \n          fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6\n        \">\n              <p>The landscape is a mirror of the socio-economic system. A garden based on cedars and evenly trimmed lawns has come to epitomise the uniformity of the Polish landscape, both in the suburbs and in rural areas. The infamous cedar \u2013 in botanical terms, Thuja occidentalis, white-cedar, or arborvitae \u2013 is a not-so-accidental product of the mechanisms of the capitalist system and the socio-cultural aspirations of the Poles. The problem of \u201ccedarisation\u201d of the Polish landscape is not generated only by the often stigmatized \u201cKowalskis\u201d \u2013 an average Polish family; it is systemic, and a deconstruction of this problem is needed in order to formulate a speculative alternative solution.<\/p>\n<p>In an anthropological perspective, the key to understanding the changes, which are taking place in the micro-scale of Polish gardens, and on a larger scale \u2013 in the native landscape, is the interaction between the society and the ecosystem. Socio-cultural practices and logic shape the mono culture and monotony of the landscape, and they interfere with the biodiversity of the territory. The economic and political perspective might lead us to regard the \u201ccedarisation\u201d of the Polish landscape as a spatial stigma of capitalism. These two directions of considering the problem overlap with the lack of education, and the lack of any top-down regulations whatsoever in the field of shaping the cultural and natural landscape.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n    \n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"article-section-block_67c2c0590b8b6\" class=\"as\">\n\n  <div class=\"as__inner pb-60 pb-dt-120 reveal\">\n\n    <h2 class=\"as__heading fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6 \n          pb-60\n        \"\n    >\n              <p>Ethnology of cedars &#8211; socio-cultural mechanisms<\/p>\n          <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"as__text \n          fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6\n        \">\n              <div>\n<p class=\"Tekst\"><span lang=\"PL\">It seems important to look at the garden in the context of the manifesto of private ownership, the demarcation of what is my own and what is not mine, the search for garden individualism concealed from outside judgment, as well as class aspirations. In fact, this actually evokes the original character of the gardens built around middle-class or noble mansions, always fenced with a high wall and inaccessible to outsiders. In other words, the gardens that testify to the status of their owner, created for the chosen ones. One\u2019s own, private gardens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Tekst\">In their genesis, related to the systemic transformation, we should distinguish the mechanisms present in Poland from trends visible in Western Europe, for example in France or Switzerland \u2013 conditioned first by the consolidation of land for large-scale farming (the 1960s), and then the division of this land (zoning) in the suburbs of cities in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the intensive growth of those suburbs. Incidentally, both France and Switzerland have been in sharp retreat from \u2013 as the local discourse dubbed it \u2013 the <i>bocage pavillonnaire<\/i>, for decades at least. From the beginning of the twenty-first century, regulations related to the creation of private gardens, to education, and to financing the replacement of monocultures with native and biodiverse plantings have been put into practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n    \n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"article-section-block_67c2c0591009a\" class=\"as\">\n\n  <div class=\"as__inner pb-60 pb-dt-120 reveal\">\n\n    <h2 class=\"as__heading fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6 \n        \"\n    >\n          <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"as__text \n          fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6\n        \">\n              <p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2245\" src=\"https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-03-300x133.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-03-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-03-1024x453.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-03-768x339.jpg 768w, https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-03-1536x679.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-03-2048x905.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n    \n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"article-section-block_67c2c0591011c\" class=\"as\">\n\n  <div class=\"as__inner pb-60 pb-dt-120 reveal\">\n\n    <h2 class=\"as__heading fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6 \n        \"\n    >\n          <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"as__text \n          fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6\n        \">\n              <p>The environmental crisis, in part, is also a crisis of worldview. We have paid for our independence from nature with the loss of humility, and the forfeiture of a relationship that was previously based on respect and understanding. We want to look at \u201cnature\u201d, but we do not want to stay within it. We wish to control the \u201cwildness\u201d and to dress it in a neat and regular frame. The garden should be kept in order, which is a good testimony in favour of its owner. Arranging a garden is about organizing the space and the species found within it. In this sense, we speak of garden management. The cedars and the manicured lawns are ideally suited to this economy; they are conducive to achieving order and cleanliness, since they do not cause major problems and do not require much maintenance. Except this is an extremely short-sighted approach.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n    \n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"article-section-block_67c2c059101be\" class=\"as\">\n\n  <div class=\"as__inner pb-60 pb-dt-120 reveal\">\n\n    <h2 class=\"as__heading fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6 \n          pb-60\n        \"\n    >\n              <p>The stigma of capitalism \u2013 a political and economic mechanism<\/p>\n          <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"as__text \n          fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6\n        \">\n              <div>\n<p class=\"Tekst\"><span lang=\"PL\">According to the <i>Global Garden Report<\/i>, the average Pole spent the equivalent of 76 dollars (calculated per inhabitant) in 2010 on furnishing a garden or a balcony\u00b9,<\/span><span lang=\"PL\"> and each z\u0142oty invested in gardening in 2011 translated into the value of the property more than twofold (by a factor of 2.2, to be exact)\u00b2.<\/span><span lang=\"PL\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"PL\">The garden today is treated as a capitalist creation of value \u2013 you put in one z\u0142oty, you extract more in terms of the value of the real estate. According to the <i>Global Garden Report<\/i>, the most spectacular money-earning mechanisms include a well-kept lawn, decorative trees, and hedges.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Tekst\">The market is sustained both by the existing demand, and by the lobby of the three main actors \u2013 nurseries, contractors, and sellers of garden equipment. Repeatable monocultures are easy to implement, and the scale of production brings substantial profit (growing white cedars is not difficult, as thuja boasts a rapid rate of growth). An alternative solution in the form of greener, more species-rich gardens would disrupt the easy earnings. The landscape is being destroyed for quick profit, and striving for continuous growth once again proves characteristic of the capitalist system \u2013 more houses, more gardens, more cedars, more lawns, more tools, more services.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n    \n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"article-section-block_67c2c0591031f\" class=\"as\">\n\n  <div class=\"as__inner pb-60 pb-dt-120 reveal\">\n\n    <h2 class=\"as__heading fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6 \n        \"\n    >\n          <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"as__text \n          fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6\n        \">\n              <p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2248\" src=\"https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-04-280x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-04-280x300.jpg 280w, https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-04-955x1024.jpg 955w, https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-04-768x824.jpg 768w, https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-04-1432x1536.jpg 1432w, https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Antropocen-04-1909x2048.jpg 1909w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n    \n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"article-section-block_67c2c0591039c\" class=\"as\">\n\n  <div class=\"as__inner pb-60 pb-dt-120 reveal\">\n\n    <h2 class=\"as__heading fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6 \n          pb-60\n        \"\n    >\n              <p>Alternative applied mechanisms<\/p>\n          <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"as__text \n          fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6\n        \">\n              <div>\n<p class=\"Tekst\"><span lang=\"PL\">Alternative mechanisms have been tested in Western European countries since the beginning of this century, and are based primarily on education as well as on regulatory and systemic solutions. They operate both nationally and locally \u2013 in France, since 2010, the governmental unit ADEME (Agency for Environment and Energy Management) supports local governments in introducing legal regulations and financing private initiatives to replace single-species plantings of white cedar, bamboo or laurel with multi-species, wild hedges, which are attractive to animals and insects. Officials of local governments in Switzerland create lists of native and suggested species for planting, as well as verifying and influencing the availability of seedlings in plant nurseries. In the French agglomeration of Rennes, since the 1990s, monoculture hedge plantings were prohibited for new housing estates, including cedar, laurel, and bamboo (the guidelines are the equivalent of planning decision, verified at the stage of obtaining a building permit and project commissioning).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Tekst\">These activities give hope for the amendment of the cedar-and-lawn trend in Polish horticulture. As part of the exhibition, we are presenting a recipe for a wild and biodiverse garden \u2013 a recipe, which every visitor can take with them. After all, in order to change the Polish landscape for the better, we need to reach beyond the individually understood aesthetics, and initiate collective actions to improve the condition of the environment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n    \n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"article-section-block_67c2c05910408\" class=\"as\">\n\n  <div class=\"as__inner pb-60 pb-dt-120 reveal\">\n\n    <h2 class=\"as__heading fs-12 ls-006 lh-1-6 \n        \"\n    >\n          <\/h2>\n    <div class=\"as__text \n          fs-10 ls-2em lh-1-4 as__text--small pt-15\n        \">\n              <div>\n<p class=\"przypisdolny\"><span class=\"kursywaprzypis\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00b9 Global Garden Report 2010<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">, p. 7, https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/read\/45290989\/the-global-garden-report-2010-husqvarna-group [accessed: 7.07.2022].<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span class=\"kursywaprzypis\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00b2\u00a0Husqvarna Global Garden Report 2011. Gardening \u2013 an investment that lasts<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">, pp. 36\u201337, <\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/read\/39791969\/the-global-garden-report-2011-husqvarna-group <\/span>[accessed: 7.07.2022].<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n    \n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":true},"class_list":["post-321","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Anthropocene | Landscape Practice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/landscapepractice.com\/fr\/research\/anthropocene\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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